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Euphorbia clusiifolia

Hook. & Arn. (1832)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Malpighiales Family: Euphorbiaceae Genus: Euphorbia

‘ākoko, ‘akoko [akoko], ‘ekoko [ekoko], koko, kōkōmālei [kokomalei]

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Shrubs.

Stems: Stems erect to scandent, 1–3 m long, glabrous, flowering branches 2–4 nm in diameter.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Opposite, decussate, sometimes distichous. Blades oblanceolate to oblong or occasionally elliptic, 35–140 mm long, 10–45 mm wide. Apex broadly acute to rounded. Base cuneate to rounded, oblique. Surfaces glabrous. Margins entire. Petioles 2–3 mm long, glabrous to pilose at basal margin. Stipules acute–triangular, 1–2 mm long, erose, ciliate.

Flowers: Flowers in cyathia 3–8(–12) in many branched, open, cymose inflorescences or occasionally solitary, peduncles 6–23 mm long, pilose. involucre broadly campanulate, 2–2.5 mm high, 3–4 mm wide, pilose especially beneath the glands, glands 4–5, purple, pubescent. Flowers unisexual and highly reduced. Pistillate flowers solitary, on a gynophore; staminate flowers in 5 groups or cymules, each with 1 to several flowers. Calyx (sepals) absent. Corolla (petals) absent. Male flower reduced to a single stamen, with an articulation at junction of pedicel and filament, subtended by slender bracteoles. Ovary superior; styles red, bifid ca. ⅓ their length, 0.5–1 mm long; stigma thickened.

Fruit: Capsules green; each of the 3 faces with a single ruga separated by sutures; 6–9 mm long; glabrous; gynophores recurved; exserted 3–9 mm from involucre; glabrous. Seeds reddish brown; subglobose; 2.5–3 mm long; smooth.

Ploidy: 2n = 38*

Habitat: Mesic to wet forest.

Elevation Range: 300–500 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

O'ahu Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Bot. Beechey Voy.: 95 (1832)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:606 (O [as Chamaesyce clusiifolia]); Govaerts et al. 2000:698/Yang & Berry 2011 (Syn. C. clusiifolia = E. clusiifolia)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Low wooded ridge Preserved_Specimen Shrub Hume, E.P. 367 Oahu BISH 1931-11-29
2 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Shady woods on ridge Preserved_Specimen Shrubs 8 ft. tall St.John, H. 10629 Oahu BISH 1930-11-09
3 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On wooded slope Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 340 Oahu BISH 1930-11-09
4 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Shrub Judd Jr., A.F. 27 Oahu BISH 1925-11-04
5 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen 1-2 ft stalks in short uluhe, cyathia very strongly scented; the heavy fragrance being apparent whenever colonies were encountered. Takeuchi, W.N. 2489 Oahu BISH 1985-10-05
6 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open rain forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 10535 Oahu BISH 1936-03-15
7 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Faurie, A. 479 Oahu BISH 1909-10-01
8 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2345 Oahu BISH 1895-05-13
9 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1623 Oahu BISH 1910-12-18
10 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Topping, D.L. 10075 Oahu BISH 1935-11-10
11 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 967 Oahu BISH 1909-01-07
12 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Lyon, H.L. 4 Oahu BISH 1924-09-10
13 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Pearsall, G.A. Oahu BISH 1954-11-01
14 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Bishop, B. Oahu BISH 1963-10-12
15 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Oahu BISH 1908-07-08
16 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Arising from a Dicranopteris thicket (this coll. # consists of 2 plants growing together). Tallest stratum composed of 3-4 m. Metrosideros and Psychotria. Preserved_Specimen Short, little-branched, erect stems. Takeuchi, W.N. 64 Oahu BISH 1984-02-03
17 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 3037 Oahu BISH 1909-05-15
18 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Long, C.R. 3623 Oahu BISH 1965-10-30
19 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen MacDaniels, L.H. 354 Oahu BISH 1927-01-23
20 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2218 Oahu BISH 1915-08-17
21 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 1411 Oahu BISH 1930-12-17
22 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 967 Oahu BISH 1909-01-07
23 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 340 Oahu BISH 1930-11-09
24 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 3037 Oahu BISH 1909-05-15
25 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Russ, G.W. Oahu BISH 1933-07-19
26 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Oahu BISH 1912-09-01
27 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Oahu BISH
28 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Lyon, H.L. Oahu BISH 1924-09-10
29 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Oahu BISH 1909-05-08
30 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Kondo, Y. Oahu BISH 1951-12-01
31 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Oahu BISH 1908-06-28
32 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Oahu BISH
33 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Garber, D.W. 241 Oahu BISH 1920-02-15
34 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Topping, D.L. 3066 Oahu BISH 1925-03-08
35 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Topping, D.L. 3276 Oahu BISH 1926-02-07
36 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Nitta, K. 8181 Oahu BISH 1929-11-10
37 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2218 Oahu BISH 1915-08-17
38 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2550 Oahu BISH 1919-11-17
39 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Oahu BISH 1909-05-08
40 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Pearsall, G.A. Oahu BISH 1948-01-01
41 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Oahu BISH 1908-09-17
42 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Oahu BISH 1908-06-28
43 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Oahu BISH
44 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Suehiro, A. 147 Oahu BISH 1932-09-25
45 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet ridge; in open woods Preserved_Specimen Anderson, D. Oahu BISH 1932-01-12
46 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In Metrosidros-Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet shrubland with Scaevola, Psychotria, Alyxia, Melicope, Broussaisia, Cibotium, Machaerina, Bidens, Freycinetia, Bobea elatior, Syzygium sandwicensis, Pritchardia martii, Lycopodium cernuum Coprosma, Clidemia scattered plants with flowers, and fruit Preserved_Specimen scattered plants with flowers, and fruit Perlman, S. 6478 Oahu BISH 1987-09-20
47 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In forsest Preserved_Specimen Fruit small Degener, O. 8083 Oahu BISH 1926-11-25
48 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 19658 Oahu BISH 1949-06-19
49 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Ridge Preserved_Specimen Leves thick, canaiean, dark green above, pinkish white below. Glonds bright red. Cowan, R.S. 981 Oahu BISH 1948-04-25
50 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Forested, rainy ridge Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 9968 Oahu BISH 1935-05-26
51 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details wet Preserved_Specimen Yamaguchi, M. 1242 Oahu BISH 1932-05-15
52 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Forested, rainy ridge Preserved_Specimen 3-4 ft. tall Degener, O. 9968 Oahu BISH 1935-05-26
53 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details with Dicranopteris linearis, Gouldia terminalis, Dubautia plantaginea, Myrsine lessertiana, Metrosideros polymorpha Preserved_Specimen to ~3' shrub, straggling; few branches Carlquist, S. 2371 Oahu BISH 1966-10-02
54 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Predominatly native wet forest. Preserved_Specimen Small trailing shrub 1m. Ching-Harbin, S. 20210914 Oahu BISH 2021-09-14
55 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Rain forest, steep slope Preserved_Specimen Bush 2 m. tall Fosberg, F.R. 8705 Oahu BISH 1932-09-18
56 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wooded ridge Preserved_Specimen 5 ft. shrub St.John, H. 11195 Oahu BISH 1931-11-29
57 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Dryish exposed shrubby slope Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8064 Oahu BISH 1928-02-25
58 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wooded ridge Preserved_Specimen 5 ft. shrub St.John, H. 11195 Oahu BISH 1931-11-29
59 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In heavy forest, average moisture Preserved_Specimen Ewart III, G.R. 14 Oahu BISH 1929-01-10
60 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Moist forest Preserved_Specimen Shrub 2 m. tall, sap milky, involucre glands purple-black Fosberg, F.R. 14135 Oahu BISH 1937-06-27
61 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Moderately dry exposed ridge with Dicranopteris Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8095 Oahu BISH 1926-04-02
62 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Moist forest Preserved_Specimen Shrub 1 m. tall, sap milky, glands of involucre purple-black Fosberg, F.R. 14136 Oahu BISH 1937-06-27
63 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On an open slope with Lycopodium cernuum and Dicranopteris Preserved_Specimen 1' erect plant, woody Takeuchi, W.N. 66 Oahu BISH 1984-02-03
64 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Growing under low statured Psychotria and Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen 1.5' subshrub branching mainly at the base Takeuchi, W.N. 65 Oahu BISH 1984-02-03
65 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open rain forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 10535 Oahu BISH 1936-03-15
66 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details exposed ridge Preserved_Specimen Semi-prostrate shrub, 1 m. high MacDaniels, L.H. 140 Oahu BISH 1926-12-21
67 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open rain forest west of top Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 12052 Oahu BISH 1938-07-03
68 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details wet forest Preserved_Specimen Stemmermann, R.L. 1244 Oahu BISH 1976-11-13
69 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In the koa-sandalwood zone common at this elev. Preserved_Specimen A small 3-4' ind. ; leaf margins and undersurface withreddish flush Takeuchi, W.N. 2269 Oahu BISH 1985-07-08
70 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In open rain forest near summit Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 9964 Oahu BISH 1935-06-09
71 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details damp wooded ridge Preserved_Specimen Shrub 2 m. tall, slender, growing thru bushes Fosberg, F.R. 9181 Oahu BISH 1933-02-19
72 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Shady woods on ridge Preserved_Specimen Shrubs 8 ft. tall St.John, H. 10629 Oahu BISH 1930-11-09
73 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In Metrosidros-Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet shrubland with Scaevola, Psychotria, Alyxia, Melicope, Broussaisia, Cibotium, Machaerina, Bidens, Freycinetia, Bobea elatior, Syzygium sandwicensis, Pritchardia martii, Lycopodium cernuum Coprosma, Clidemia scattered plants with flowers, and fruit Preserved_Specimen scattered plants with flowers, and fruit Perlman, S. 6478 Oahu BISH 1987-09-20
74 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 19658 Oahu BISH 1949-06-19
75 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Near summit Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 10029 Oahu BISH 1935-08-18
76 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open rain forest west of top Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 12052 Oahu BISH 1938-07-03
77 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open rain forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 11531 Oahu BISH 1937-12-06
78 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On side of a broad shallow valley (many Pritchardias there), growing with Alyxia, Hesperomannia, Labordia, Straussia, Pelea, etc. Preserved_Specimen Pearsall, G.A. 397 Oahu BISH 1959-06-13
79 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Rain Forest Preserved_Specimen Low shrub, 2 m. high MacDaniels, L.H. 28 Oahu BISH 1926-10-06
80 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Growing along ridgeline in wet forest intermixed with Dicranopteris linearis, Melicope hosakae, Metrosideros polymorpha, Dubautia laxa, Macherina angustifolia, Pterolepis glomerata, Psychotria mariniana, and others. Preserved_Specimen Large shrub over 1 m tall. Leaves somewhat leathery, glossy. Flowers axillary. Stems red, drying purlple. Milky latex present. Seeds collected for restoration purposes. Thomas, M.K. 1130 Oahu BISH 2025-05-28
81 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros, Antidesma Preserved_Specimen 7' shrub Grant, M.L. 7184 Oahu BISH 1934-08-07
82 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On ridge in moist rainforest Preserved_Specimen Undershrub; Erect shrub 2-3 m. high; flower maroon or claret and white Bryan Jr., E.H. 802 Oahu BISH 1934-10-02
83 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Marsh Preserved_Specimen Krauss, N.H. Oahu BISH 1933-12-10
84 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Herbarium Experiment Station, H.S.P.A. Preserved_Specimen Swezey, O.H. Oahu BISH 1935-05-26
85 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Woods Preserved_Specimen Low shrub St.John, H. 11543 Oahu BISH 1932-02-14
86 Euphorbia clusiifolia Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet Forest Preserved_Specimen Shrub 1.5 m. Fosberg, F.R. 9465 Oahu BISH 1933-04-30
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